Pulsar geometry and the beam pattern of the toy model. In panel a the pulsar geometry is shown as a sketch with the spin axis (Ω) located by the inclination (i) and the position angle of the pulsar spin (PA). The position of the emission region on the surface with respect to the spin axis is determined by the magnetic co-latitude θ and the rotation phase is denoted by Ψ, shown in panel b. Panel c shows that the beam pattern is defined by the angles α and φ, where α is measured from the normal and the reference axis for φ is the y-axis, which points towards the spin axis which corresponds to north when the emission region is at Ψ₀.