Power spectra from the nonlinear rotating convection simulation of (a) the l = m component of longitudinal velocity v_ϕ, (b) the l = m + 1 component of latitudinal velocity v_θ, and (c) the l = m + 1 component of radial vorticity ζ_r near the surface r = 0.95R_⊙. The spectra are computed in the Carrington frame. The power is normalized at each m. Cyan diamonds denote the observed frequencies of the HHS22 modes hanson2022. Orange points show the dispersion relation of the HHS22 modes obtained from the linear calculation (model 3-sub with δ_cz = −5 × 10⁻⁷ and δ_sf = 10⁻³). The power ridge associated with the columnar convective modes is denoted by black arrows.