Comparison of different acceleration components in the simulations. The red line depicts the spherical acceleration field of the unperturbed host’s galaxy at t ≈ 0.8 Gyr (orange cross in Fig. 2). The origin of r is the host’s centre. The blue line shows the estimated noise from the host (see text for details), and the green points show the acceleration from various wake points, as in Fig. 5. For comparison, the perturber causes an acceleration of 43 km² s⁻² kpc⁻¹ at 10 kpc from the system’s centre.