Comparison of energy in the dipole (l = 1) and quadrupole (l = 2) modes versus solar cycle. The top row shows the energy in the dipole mode (quadratic sum of the m = 0 and m = ±1 components). The second row shows the energy in the quadrupole mode (m = 0, m = ±1, and m = ±2 components). The third row shows the ratio of energy between the quadrupole and dipole modes. The bottom row displays the monthly sunspot number during this time, taken from WDC-SILSO.