Backstreaming ions at a high Mach number interplanetary shock - Solar Orbiter measurements during the nominal mission phase

Solar Orbiter First Results (Nominal Mission Phase)

Open Access

Fig. 9.

Hybrid PIC simulation for a shock with θ_bn = 45° and M_A ∼ 6. The top panel shows a normalized magnetic field (B/B₀), and the lower panels show ion VDFs averaged in the domain highlighted by the magenta and red boxes. Here, B₀ is the background magnetic field strength upstream of the shock front.

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