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Fig. A.1

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Propagated formal uncertainties in the moons’ RTN positions (from 2030 to 1890) for the radio science, astrometry and combined solutions (obtained with Tudat and NOE). We used a propagation output of one point per year only and performed data smoothing over five-year windows to avoid aliasing effects (see Fig. 5). The top panels present the results obtained for Io (panels a & b), the middle panels correspond to Ganymede (panels c & d), and the bottom ones to Callisto (panels e & f). The left hand side panels (a, c, e) always display the radio science only solutions, while the right hand side panels (b, d, f) show both the astrometry-only and combined solutions.

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