Uncertainties in α_Jup and δ_Jup at occultation time. Panel a: occultation by Ganymede on 23 October 2023; Panel b: occultation by Callisto on 15 January 2024. Markers on the x- and y-axes indicate the averaged and maximum deviation between INPOP21 and DE440 (over the period 2015–2030), as well as the typical uncertainty for stellar occultations (based on Morgado et al. 2022). The coloured confidence ellipses represent the 1σ (orange) and 5σ (blue) covariances in Jupiter’s position resulting from VLBI tracking.