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Fig. 2

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Relevant dynamical evolution of 2023 DZ2. Left panels: short-term orbital evolution of 2023 DZ2: a, semi-major axis (top panel); e, eccentricity (second to top panel); i, inclination (centre panel); Ω, longitude of the ascending node (second panel from bottom); and ω, argument of perihelion (bottom panel). Centre panels: longitude of perihelion of 2023 DZ2, ϖ = Ω + ω, relative to that of Venus (ϖ2, top panel), Earth (ϖ3, second to top panel), Mars (ϖ4, centre panel), Jupiter (ϖ5, second panel from bottom), and Saturn (ϖ6, bottom panel). An apsidal secular resonance leads to the libration of the angle ϖϖi about a constant value (0° or 180°). Right panels: longitude of the ascending node relative to that of Venus (Ω2, top panel), Earth (Ω3, second to top panel), Mars (Ω4, centre panel), Jupiter (Ω5, second panel from bottom), and Saturn (Ω6, bottom panel). A nodal secular resonance occurs when the angle Ω – Ωi librates about a constant value. The evolution shown here is based on the nominal orbit in Table 1 and the output cadence is 15 days. Data source: JPL Horizons.

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