Fig. 4

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Temporal evolution of the evaporation rate (top left), restricted escape parameter Λ (top right), transit radius (bottom left), and total mass (bottom right) for a planet at 0.51 AU and initial mass of approximately 3.86 M⊕. The hydrodynamic and the energy- and recombination-limited model are shown. We note the very high mass loss in the hydrodynamic model in the initial boil-off phase. It is sufficient to eventually cause the total loss of the envelope. In the energy- and recombination-limited model which lacks this phase, the planet can in contrast keep a significant fraction of its envelope. The planet therefore resides in the end on different sides of the valley in the two models (super-Earth for the hydrodynamic model, sub-Neptune for the energy- and recombination-limited model). This is shown by the lilac squares in Fig. 3.
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