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Table A.1

Physical properties of large-scale filaments

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21)
ID Origin lwt bwt υwt d Ν Lsum Lend Mass Mline fA fL Rgc z |θ| DGMF Morph. Arm Ref.
(°) (°) (km s−1) (kpc) (pc) (pc) (103M⊙) (M⊙pc−1) (1022 cm−2) (kpc) (pc) (°) class
M1 MST 300.85±0.01 0.27±0.03 −36.1±0.3 4.3±0.1 6 21.3 14.6 1.5 68.5 0.2 4.10 2.50 7.2 42.1±2.0 77.5±3.0 _ C,X
M2 MST 302.79±0.03 0.15±0.02 −34.8±0.4 5.7±0.5 6 35.4 21.0 8.8 247.7 0.5 2.90 2.16 7.1 35.6±2.0 28.2±2.8 - C
M3 MST 305.07±0.02 0.14±0.04 −38.2±0.6 6.1±0.5 7 55.6 35.0 6.3 113.4 0.4 8.14 3.91 7.0 34.6±3.9 70.5±1.5 0.15 C,X GMF307 (1); F163 (5)
M4 MST 305.50±0.02 0.09±0.03 −36.2±0.3 6.6±0.5 6 35.0 24.5 8.8 250.3 0.4 4.32 1.84 7.0 29.7±3.3 75.1 ±3.5 - C GMF307 (1)
M5 MST 320.64±0.01 0.09±0.02 −5.2±0.7 12.6±0.1 6 56.1 35.9 17.0 303.2 0.4 7.13 3.70 8.1 25.1±5.0 86.0±2.8 0.04 L
M6 MST 324.19±0.02 −0.08±0.01 −56.5±0.2 10.1±1.0 10 70.7 42.9 8.7 123.8 0.2 4.78 2.05 5.9 −5.2±2.4 23.1±2.3 - X Scu-Cen, Bone
M7 MST 324.28±0.04 −0.39±0.01 −32.1±0.2 11.5±1.6 7 75.5 68.9 19.4 257.1 0.4 8.75 6.10 6.8 −73.0±1.8 6.9±1.3 - S GMF324 (1)
M8 MST 326.86±0.03 −0.10±0.02 −62.6±0.3 10.2±1.0 6 63.8 48.1 20.4 318.8 0.5 5.87 3.91 5.6 −9.4±4.0 31.8±1.8 0.27 H F142 (5)
M9 MST 327.03±0.02 −0.17±0.02 −56.5±0.4 10.6±0.7 9 69.4 39.9 11.6 167.1 0.3 3.48 2.64 5.8 −24.2±2.9 30.3±2.0 - H Scu-Cen F141 (5)
M10 MST 334.07±0.04 −0.40±0.02 −47.2±0.2 11.9±0.8 10 128.9 75.7 33.6 260.5 0.3 4.19 2.89 5.7 −80.5±3.6 16.1±1.1 - S,Χ Nor-Out
M11 MST 334.95±0.03 −0.34±0.02 −90.0±0.4 5.3±0.9 7 36.1 21.2 4.3 120.5 0.2 3.87 1.77 4.2 −16.5±1.6 21.1±3.3 - Χ Nor-Out Fil9 (2)
M12 MST 336.47±0.01 −0.05±0.02 −127.1±0.6 7.6±0.1 7 44.8 25.1 3.0 66.8 0.1 7.70 3.96 3.3 3.5±3.0 86.4±2.3 - L,X
M13 MST 337.25±0.02 −0.21±0.02 −114.6±0.4 8.4±0.2 10 62.4 35.7 7.2 115.2 0.2 3.88 2.09 3.3 −22.1±3.1 55.1±2.2 - Χ
M14 MST 337.12±0.01 0.11±0.03 −75.6±0.3 10.7±0.1 6 55.9 47.2 7.1 126.6 0.2 10.05 4.80 4.4 24.6±6.1 72.6±1.9 - S
M15 MST 337.22±0.03 −0.04±0.01 −52.3±0.3 11.9±1.6 6 54.9 42.7 9.9 180.7 0.3 6.37 2.98 5.3 −6.1±3.0 20.3±2.4 - C
M16 MST 336.61 ±0.02 0.44±0.02 −33.0±0.2 12.9±1.6 6 67.5 40.6 11.7 172.9 0.2 3.96 1.75 6.2 98.0±5.1 55.8±4.4 - S
M17 MST 338.26±0.03 −0.06±0.02 −44.0±0.6 12.3±1.4 6 72.3 51.1 20.7 286.4 0.3 5.14 2.76 5.5 −12.2±4.1 34.6±2.6 - X Scu-Cen
M18 MST 338.37±0.03 −0.16±0.01 −90.5±0.5 10.1 ±0.6 7 48.0 40.3 14.4 300.6 0.4 8.43 5.23 3.9 −23.3±2.1 21.1±1.8 - L,H
M19 MST 336.22±0.03 0.34±0.01 −70.3±0.5 10.9±1.3 6 49.8 41.3 4.3 86.6 0.2 20.82 5.46 4.7 67.5±1.9 15.7±2.1 - L,X
M20 MST 339.43±0.04 −0.16±0.02 −119.0±0.5 8.4±0.2 6 59.6 38.5 9.3 155.4 0.2 4.44 2.74 3.0 −15.2±2.3 12.7±2.1 - X
M21 MST 343.92±0.01 0.32±0.02 −67.5±0.5 5.0±1.1 7 25.6 14.3 0.8 32.6 0.1 4.81 1.83 3.8 43.1±1.6 85.7±3.8 - X Nor-Out
M22 MST 344.67±0.02 −0.43±0.02 −21.9±0.8 13.9±1.8 6 58.8 37.2 7.1 120.7 0.2 6.08 2.01 6.3 −108.9±3.8 44.5±4.7 - X Nor-Out
M23 MST 325.73±0.02 0.42±0.03 −41.1±0.2 2.5±1.7 6 13.0 8.6 1.0 74.5 0.2 4.15 2.11 6.4 39.5±1.1 57.3 ±3.1 - S,X
M24 MST 349.91 ±0.02 −0.25±0.01 −24.1±0.4 3.3±1.7 9 24.4 14.0 1.8 72.4 0.1 4.20 1.85 5.3 3.6±0.8 16.5±2.7 - X Perseus, Bone
M25 MST 352.36±0.01 −0.20±0.02 −84.9±0.2 8.2±0.2 8 42.7 22.1 4.8 112.6 0.2 2.63 1.95 1.3 −22.1 ±2.9 75.9±3.5 - C
M26 MST 353.02±0.03 −0.07±0.01 −17.6±0.2 13.4±1.4 12 125.0 72.4 26.4 211.3 0.3 4.00 2.92 5.3 −21.5±2.2 2.3±1.2 - S,X Scu-Cen
M27 MST 353.20±0.02 −0.34±0.01 −17.6±0.3 13.4±0.1 9 68.3 38.9 11.2 164.4 0.2 3.95 2.07 5.2 −84.3±2.4 15.1±3.3 - C Scu-Cen
M28 MST 3 5 3.75 ±0.01 0.06±0.03 −.9±0.5 18.1±0.2 6 111.2 63.6 18.4 165.7 0.1 6.11 2.82 9.8 5.4±8.6 71.7±2.6 - L,X Scu-Cen
M29 MST 356.87±0.02 0.06±0.03 4.9±0.3 21.0±0.1 8 173.7 77.2 40.4 232.7 0.2 2.04 1.82 12.7 2.8±10.3 76.8±2.7 - C,X Scu-Cen GMF358 (1)
M30 MST 358.28±0.04 −0.69±0.01 −21.4±0.3 9.7±0.5 6 63.3 42.3 3.4 54.1 0.1 4.55 2.70 1.4 −113.2±2.4 5.4±2.0 - S
M31 MST 358.87±0.01 −0.26±0.03 −3.2±0.6 15.9±0.7 7 106.4 56.2 21.1 197.9 0.2 3.51 2.86 7.6 −81.3±7.6 77.5±2.4 0.47 X Scu-Cen
M32 MST 358.84±0.02 −0.06±0.01 −193.2±0.4 8.4±0.1 6 26.2 21.0 1.7 64.0 0.1 5.44 4.88 0.2 −2.4±1.0 12.3±3.0 - S
M33 MST 0.80±0.03 0.29±0.01 170.0±0.5 8.4±0.1 7 50.1 30.0 2.5 49.9 0.1 10.89 4.82 0.2 49.7±0.8 0.6±1.4 - C,X
M34 MST 0.95±0.01 0.34±0.01 160.7±0.8 8.4±0.1 6 31.5 14.1 1.7 54.2 0.1 6.05 4.23 0.2 56.1±2.2 61.9±4.1 - X
M35 MST 3.12±0.02 0.14±0.01 134.7±0.4 8.3±0.1 6 37.7 23.2 4.2 111.3 0.2 4.14 1.65 0.5 27.3 ±2.1 28.7±5.6 - X
M36 MST 6.12±0.02 −0.18±0.02 13.6±1.0 13.2±1.2 14 203.2 74.0 49.5 243.8 0.3 5.84 3.07 5.3 −44.6±3.5 31.8±1.2 0.02 X Scu-Cen F2(5)
M37 MST 5.96±0.03 −0.33±0.01 7.3±0.2 15.0±1.9 11 140.7 80.7 85.7 608.7 0.9 5.28 2.02 6.7 −94.5±3.8 8.1±1.7 - C Perseus
M38 MST 6.69±0.02 −0.08±0.03 19.1±0.8 12.6±1.7 7 97.3 51.4 22.4 230.0 0.3 3.67 2.37 4.8 −20.4±6.1 63.3±2.3 - X Scu-Cen
M39 MST 6.66±0.02 −0.14±0.03 5.8±0.4 15.4±1.9 7 95.8 70.5 46.5 485.3 0.6 4.13 2.83 7.2 −46.8±7.9 63.9±2.0 0.03 C Sag-Car
M40 MST 7.01 ±0.03 0.22±0.02 15.4±0.4 13.8±0.1 6 100.3 62.8 19.1 190.4 0.2 3.79 1.94 5.6 49.1±4.5 18.4±2.9 - X Scu-Cen
M41 MST 7.59±0.02 −0.29±0.01 149.4±0.4 8.3±0.1 6 33.0 18.5 1.2 35.2 0.1 3.12 2.22 1.1 −34.5±1.6 26.3±4.7 - S
M42 MST 8.13±0.02 −0.32±0.03 136.6±0.6 8.3±0.1 7 62.2 40.8 3.6 57.7 0.1 3.28 2.06 1.2 −39.4±5.0 64.2±2.1 - S
M43 MST 8.63±0.03 −0.10±0.02 32.4±0.4 12.3±1.0 7 74.7 49.1 55.3 740.6 0.6 6.69 2.55 4.2 −22.1±3.7 27.4±2.3 - C Sag-Car
M44 MST 10.50±0.03 −0.33±0.01 13.2±0.7 14.5±2.4 6 89.9 56.1 12.2 135.9 0.2 4.15 2.74 6.5 −88.2±2.8 3.0±2.1 - S Perseus F5(4)
M45 MST 10.31±0.01 0.37±0.03 31.1±0.3 12.7±1.5 7 69.7 54.1 22.9 328.4 0.3 8.22 3.87 4.7 80.7±6.6 81.3±2.0 - L,H Sag-Car
M46 MST 13.71 ±0.02 −0.37±0.02 40.0±0.4 12.4±1.2 13 176.0 74.2 104.2 592.2 0.5 2.76 1.89 4.9 −80.7±3.3 20.4±1.7 0.01 X Sag-Car
M47 MST 14.84±0.03 −0.38±0.02 26.0±0.3 2.8±2.0 7 17.9 12.3 0.3 17.3 0.0 6.48 3.38 5.8 1.2±0.8 24.2±1.8 S
M48 MST 14.94±0.01 −0.32±0.03 30.9±0.4 13.2±0.1 7 80.4 55.5 21.8 271.1 0.3 6.85 4.52 5.6 −75.4±6.2 64.3±1.9 - S
M49 MST 14.59±0.03 −0.45±0.01 18.4±0.6 14.1 ±0.1 11 112.7 66.6 28.9 256.6 0.3 4.35 4.15 6.4 −114.6±1.8 4.8±1.3 - S Perseus
M50 MST 14.58±0.01 0.12±0.02 35.0±0.1 12.9±0.1 9 91.9 49.0 19.4 211.0 0.2 4.22 1.91 5.2 25.6±4.5 60.0±3.0 - C,X Scu-Cen
M51 MST 14.69±0.02 0.15±0.01 39.4±0.3 12.5±1.6 8 75.9 48.2 12.9 170.4 0.3 5.72 2.88 5.0 32.0±2.5 19.2±2.3 - S,X Scu-Cen
M52 MST 15.09±0.02 0.18±0.01 28.4±0.6 13.3±1.4 7 84.9 39.0 15.4 181.3 0.2 3.70 2.48 5.7 38.5±3.0 29.3±3.2 - X
M53 MST 16.66±0.02 −0.20±0.03 46.7±0.5 12.2±1.0 8 89.6 66.1 19.0 212.1 0.2 9.04 4.64 4.9 −42.7±6.8 61.9±1.3 0.19 S Sag-Car
M54 MST 16.68±0.01 −0.13±0.03 36.9±0.7 12.7±1.9 6 60.1 40.0 14.6 243.0 0.4 5.50 2.54 5.4 −30.5±6.2 80.2±2.9 - C
M55 MST 16.79±0.03 0.37±0.03 23.7±0.4 13.7±2.0 8 117.2 68.6 92.0 785.1 0.9 3.98 1.84 6.2 85.3 ±7.0 52.8±2.1 - C,X Perseus
S56 320 305.70 0.33 −39.2±3.2 3.5±1.0 7 27.9 12.3 6.3 227.4 0.6 3.87 - 6.9 41.7 87.9 0.05 S Scu-Cen GMF307 (1)
S57 852 312.62 0.03 −63.8±1.4 5.7±1.4 11 64.3 31.6 48.5 755.0 0.9 6.13 - 6.1 21.3 8.0 0.04 S,X
S58 1421 317.64 −0.13 −44.4±3.0 2.8±0.6 6 15.0 6.9 3.6 242.1 0.8 4.31 - 6.5 14.8 10.3 0.06 S GMF319 (1)
S59 1772 320.25 0.36 −32.5±1.0 2.0±0.5 5 22.9 6.9 6.3 276.3 0.6 3.64 - 6.9 34.7 68.7 0.24 L,H
S60 1879 323.49 0.07 −66.3±1.3 4.0±0.5 5 34.4 13.6 26.4 768.5 0.8 4.10 - 5.6 23.3 34.7 0.09 C
S61 2590 328.05 0.37 −44.9±1.0 2.8±0.5 6 33.7 13.5 8.8 260.3 0.4 5.27 - 6.2 37.9 31.1 0.02 S
S62 2884 330.53 0.23 −61.6±2.0 3.7±0.4 7 41.0 17.5 13.9 338.9 0.5 3.63 - 5.4 33.3 14.3 0.01 C Nor-Out
S63 2942 330.32 0.29 −96.1±1.4 5.8±0.7 8 57.2 20.8 33.5 586.2 0.5 3.84 - 4.4 44.1 27.8 0.06 S Nor-Out
S64 2947 331.69 0.01 −48.7±2.7 3.1±0.5 16 41.9 18.3 28.1 670.3 0.9 5.49 - 5.8 20.1 19.2 0.08 C Scu-Cen F130 (5)
S65 3108 331.52 −0.11 −87.6±2.8 5.1±0.5 17 60.6 21.8 213.8 3527.1 1.7 3.55 - 4.6 5.8 17.2 0.27 S F130 (5)
S66 3129 331.61 −0.28 −47.9±1.0 3.0±0.5 6 16.1 8.4 8.1 501.2 1.0 4.58 - 5.9 4.8 18.7 0.29 C Scu-Cen, Bone
S67 3233 332.10 −0.43 −57.0±2.8 3.5±0.4 10 21.6 8.5 24.4 1129.4 1.9 3.85 - 5.5 −7.6 24.7 0.26 C,H Nor-Out, Bone F129 (5)
S68 3423 334.22 0.17 −88.8±3.9 5.2±0.5 5 67.9 25.0 33.7 496.0 0.4 3.92 - 4.3 30.6 30.1 0.12 S Nor-Out
S69 4022 336.80 0.27 −75.6±2.1 4.7±0.4 6 19.1 8.4 6.2 326.6 0.7 4.06 - 4.5 37.6 10.1 0.14 S
S70 4449 336.70 0.25 −40.9±1.3 2.9±0.5 7 23.1 12.3 4.1 175.5 0.4 4.05 - 5.8 31.9 46.7 0.02 C,X Nor-Out
S71 4698 337.68 −0.40 −41.0±1.3 2.9±0.5 33 64.9 25.2 72.4 1115.9 0.8 3.77 - 5.7 −1.2 0.1 0.29 S,H Scu-Cen, Bone Nessie (3); F113 (5)
S72 4930 339.19 −0.42 −38.1±1.4 2.9±0.5 8 31.6 13.3 14.4 454.9 0.7 4.19 - 5.8 −1.6 1.3 0.15 S Scu-Cen, Bone Nessie (3)
S73 5079 339.57 0.09 −110.6±1.5 6.7±0.6 5 59.5 21.5 52.0 873.5 0.7 4.88 - 3.1 22.3 6.3 0.24 L
S74 5539 342.58 0.15 −41.6±1.2 3.4±0.5 6 25.7 12.7 23.8 927.0 0.9 4.72 - 5.2 26.8 11.3 0.35 S GMF343 (1); F99 (5)
S75 5774 344.96 −0.24 −85.9±1.0 5.9±0.4 6 47.2 16.9 37.3 789.3 0.6 3.81 - 3.0 −11.7 10.4 0.09 C
S76 6191 349.21 0.14 −64.0±2.7 5.7±0.4 7 53.6 21.5 42.0 783.6 0.6 4.95 - 3.0 27.1 3.6 0.30 S F83 (5)
S77 6300 349.86 0.09 −61.4±1.7 5.7±0.4 5 35.2 15.6 24.2 687.9 0.6 4.12 - 2.9 22.2 15.6 0.50 S F82 (5)
S78 6861 353.18 −0.01 −82.5±1.5 8.8±0.4 5 42.8 20.3 28.5 666.4 0.5 3.86 - 1.1 3.6 19.4 - S
S79 7275 357.14 −0.09 −7.4±1.8 2.7±2.0 5 17.0 7.7 2.5 145.7 0.5 5.57 - 5.6 14.6 0.9 0.17 S Scu-Cen GMF358 (1)
S80 7443 357.71 −0.34 4.7±1.6 21.3±4.4 12 327.3 141.6 1318.4 4028.2 0.7 4.71 - 13.0 −148.1 4.1 0.55 C Scu-Cen Fil8 (2)
S 81 7686 359.69 −0.00 −72.1 ±40.5 8.4±4.6 17 157.3 82.5 1295.3 8236.8 3.7 8.23 - 0.1 6.1 3.1 0.07 L,H
S82 7701 359.66 −0.10 −30.4±12.2 8.2±0.1 11 102.7 39.1 592.8 5770.5 2.9 4.02 - 0.1 −7.5 8.5 0.07 S,H
S83 7736 0.10 −0.07 42.3±23.3 8.4±5.4 64 137.1 51.6 3634.2 26504.2 6.1 3.69 - 0.1 −3.0 2.1 0.14 C
S84 8513 6.44 −0.44 20.0±3.4 3.6±1.0 14 24.0 11.1 13.2 550.5 0.9 4.60 - 4.8 −10.2 19.8 0.09 S,H Scu-Cen
S85 8591 5.53 −0.32 13.2±1.3 2.9±1.4 9 30.1 13.0 4.5 150.9 0.4 5.29 - 5.5 3.1 18.3 0.57 S Scu-Cen, Bone
S86 8624 5.82 −0.48 17.3±1.3 3.4±1.2 7 22.5 9.1 16.5 736.4 1.1 4.44 - 5.0 −11.2 0.8 0.02 S Scu-Cen
S 87 9021 8.27 −0.43 17.2±1.9 2.7±1.0 5 29.0 11.3 5.1 174.6 0.3 3.63 - 5.7 −1.0 28.2 - S Scu-Cen, Bone
S88 9707 12.84 0.03 32.7±0.6 3.4±0.6 5 19.4 9.6 3.8 193.5 0.6 3.67 - 5.1 19.7 5.0 - C Scu-Cen
min 0.10 −0.69 −193.2 2.0 5 13.0 6.9 0.3 17.3 0.0 2.04 1.65 0.1 −148.1 0.1 0.01
max 359.69 0.44 170.0 21.3 64 327.3 141.6 3634.2 26504.2 6.1 20.82 6.10 13.0 98.0 87.9 0.57
med 327.54 −0.07 −33.9 8.4 7 56.6 33.3 14.4 242.6 0.4 4.27 2.70 5.4 3.3 23.7 0.13
mean 228.64 −0.05 −21.3 8.6 8 65.5 35.8 98.5 846.7 0.6 5.09 2.94 5.0 −2.6 32.8 0.17
Std 155.09 0.26 62.9 4.6 7 48.7 24.3 432.0 3000.9 0.8 2.38 1.12 2.4 47.1 27.0 0.16
S −0.71 0.00 0.7 0.4 6 2.4 1.2 6.9 7.5 4.7 3.72 0.99 0.1 −0.8 0.7 1.10
Κ −1.47 −0.91 1.5 −0.5 42 8.6 2.4 50.6 59.7 26.1 20.21 0.02 1.9 0.6 −0.9 0.35

Notes. Columns are:

(1) ID: Assigned filament ID

(2) Origin: The identification algorithm for M1-M55 is MST, and the SEDIGISM cloud IDs (Duarte-Cabral et al. 2021) for leaves contained in each filament are listed in Table. C.1. For S56-S88, the identification algorithm is SCIMES, and the original SEDIGISM cloud IDs (Duarte-Cabral et al. 2021), one per filament, are listed here.

(3) lwt (deg): Flux-weighted Galactic longitude for M1-M55, and Galactic longitude of the cloud’s centroid for S56-S88

(4) bwt (deg): Flux-weighted Galactic latitude for M1-M55, and Galactic latitude of the cloud’s centroid for S56-S88

(5) vwt (km s_1): Flux weighted velocity for M1-M55, and system velocity for S56-S88

(6) d (kpc): Distance, the median of all leaf distances for M1-M55, and final adopted distance for S56-S88

(7) N: The number of leaves in the filament

(8) Lsum (pc): The sum of “edge” lengths (separation of each two connected leaves) for M1-M55 and medaxis length for S56-S88

(9) Lend (pc): End-to-end length along the major axis for M1-M55, and major axis for S56-S88. To define the major axis of a filament, we plot all the leaves belonging to this filament in the projected sky (Galactic longitude as χ and Galactic latitude as y) and fit a line with principle component analysis Pearson (PCA 1901) as the major axis of this filament

(10) Mass (103M⊙): Mass of the filament, derived by summing leaf mass for M1-M55, and cloud mass for S56-S88

(11) Mline (M⊙ pc−1): Line mass, mass per unit length (Mass/Lsum)

(12) (1022 cm−2): H2 column density

(13) fA: Aspect ratio

(14) fL: Linearity, the ratio between the spread (standard deviation) of leaves along the major axis and spread along the minor axis, only for M1-M55

(15) Rgc (kpc): Galactocentric radius, the median of leaf Galactocentric radius for M1-M55, and cloud Galactocentric radius for S56-S88

(16) z (pc): Height above Galactic mid-plane

(17) |θ| (deg): Orientation angle between filaments major axes and Galactic mid-plane in the projected sky

(18) DGMF: Dense gas mass fraction, the ratio between dense gas mass and total mass of the filaments

(19) Mor.: Morphology class following Wang et al. (2015), “L” represents linear straight L-shape, “C” bent C-shape, “S” quasi-sinusoidal shape, “X” crossing of multiple filaments, “H” head-tail or hub-filament system

(20) Arm: The nearest arm the filaments associated. If a filament is also a bone, “Bone” is added after the arm name. For inter-arm filaments, the value is empty. We propose eight bones, they are M6, M24, S66, S67, S71, S72, S85, and S87.

(21) Ref: References to previously known filaments. (1) means Abreu-Vicente et al. (2016), (2) for Zucker et al. (2015), (3) for Jackson et al. (2010), (4) for Wang et al. (2016), (5) for Ge & Wang (2022)

Some of the properties are derived differently for filaments identified through leaves with MST (with the ID of M1-M55) and filaments selected from SEDIGISM clouds (with the ID of S56-S88), such as Lsum, Lend, fA, and |θ|. Most of the physical properties for S56-S88 are adopted from Duarte-Cabral et al. (2021). The last seven rows show the statistics of the filament properties. Skewness measures the asymmetry of a probability distribution. For instance, the normal distribution has S = 0. Negative skewness means that the tail is on the left side of the distribution, and on the right side for the positive skewness. Kurtosis characterizes how the distribution is shaped compared to a normal distribution. The normal distribution has Κ = 0. A distribution with Κ > 0 is more centrally peaked than normal distribution while for Κ < 0 is flatter.

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