Inferred SEP injection times (vertical lines with temporal error bars on top) overplotted on the radio spectrogram as observed by PSP/RFS and the 15–25 keV X-ray observations by Solar Orbiter/STIX. All times have been shifted to the Sun by assuming the propagation time of the emission to the respective spacecraft. The shaded ranges mark the times when the spacecraft establish a magnetic connection with the CME-driven shock including an uncertainty of ±3 min.