Fig. 1

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Abundances of heavy elements in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Here, ‘ices’ refers to the metallicity of the atmosphere considering only ices (CH4, NH3, H2O and H2S). Two values of Ztot are shown, which correspond to the metallicity of the atmosphere considering ices (volatiles) and assuming either no rocks (refractories) or an enrichment of three times the protosolar value for rocks. Abundances of methane and hydrogen sulfide are taken from Wong et al. (2004), and ammonia and water abundances are taken from Li et al. (2020). Protosolar abundances are taken from Asplund et al. (2021). The protosolar mass fraction of heavy elements is 0.0154. For ices, we calculated the protosolar value considering C, N, O, S, and Ne and included additional elements with the value from Lodders et al. (2009). Concerning rocks, we only considered Mg, Si, and Fe.
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