Distribution of C-bearing (top) and H-bearing (bottom) volatiles between core, mantle, ocean, and atmosphere after 100 Myr of atmospheric evolution, as a function of the carbon partition coefficient D_C between metal and silicate melt. Mars loses its entire atmospheric reservoirs due to atmospheric escape for all values of D_C. The martian mantle nevertheless maintains a significant amount of H₂ that can be released as water and reduced H₂ by later volcanism or impacts and drive short-lived warming events. Some ice condenses out at the surface of Mars for the highest value of D_C where most C is in the core and the atmosphere thus very cold. Earth and Venus experience only little atmospheric escape. Their atmospheric contents of CO₂ match the current atmospheric contents of Venus best for a partition coefficient around D_C = 300. Higher partition coefficients bury too much carbon in the core. A partition coefficient around our nominal choice of D_C = 300 also gives a good match of the outgassed water mass of Earth and Venus to the modern Earth ocean mass.