Energy dissipation due to connection and disconnection of particles, E_dis, c, as a function of v_rel and B_off. (a) For the frictional model without normal dissipation. (b) For the frictional model with normal dissipation. (c) For the frictionless model without normal dissipation. (d) For the frictionless model with normal dissipation. The dashed gray line denotes the initial kinetic energy.