Fig. 1.

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Comparison of different toy models with dust initially only present outside of 15 AU. Panel A: initial dust distribution. The white lines correspond to Stokes numbers of St = {10−3,10−2,10−1,100}; the bold white line corresponds to St = 1. All other panels show snapshots of models at 1 Myr. Panel B: fiducial toy model with a Saturn-mass planet at 5 AU and a fragmentation velocity of 10 m s−1. Panel C: Model without a planet. The vertical dashed lines are the location at which the dust flux is measured in Fig. 2. Panel D: model without fragmentation. Panel E: model with a reduced fragmentation velocity of 1 m s−1. Bottom right: model with bouncing instead of fragmentation.
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