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Fig. 3

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Surface density profile, Σt0, after orbits and tmax = 3000 orbits of a mpl/M* = 3×10−5 planet in a disc with αt = 3.16 × 10−4 and h = 0.05. We note that after the last 50 orbits, the surface density has reached a steady state, with a change of less than 0.1%. The black horizontal dashed line represents the prediction of the gap depth from Kanagawa et al. (2018). The two dot-dashed horizontal lines are used here to measure the observed depth of the gap carved by the planet by taking the average of their values.

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