Results from the grid retrievals. Left: posterior distributions from the grid retrievals for the equilibrium chemistry model (dark blue) and the TiO–VO quenched model (yellow). Right: temperature–pressure profiles and the volume mixing ratios of a selection of the most important species for the equilibrium chemistry model and the TiO–VO quenched model. In the TiO–VO quenched model the TiO and VO VMRs are artificially enhanced to the maximum value of the atmospheric layers below, which is at 20 bar. Also plotted are the HST contribution functions. Spitzer probes the same pressure regions as HST.