Performance in terms of RMS WFE on the phase residuals at different S/N levels. Each point corresponds to a model trained and evaluated on the indicated S/N (six S/Ns are considered, and slight horizontal shifts were applied to be able to discern each point). The same colors in Fig. 2 are used, with the addition of the performance with classical imaging (green), using differential post-VVC PSFs (violet), as well as the theoretical limit (black dashed line). The median values are represented and the error bars correspond to the 2–98th percentiles. The S/Ns indicated are the ones at the entrance pupil plane, and the flux suppression induced by the vortex mask is taken into account. Left: input WFE of 70 nm distributed over 18 modes. Right: input WFE of 350 nm distributed over 88 modes.