Hubble diagram of Pantheon supernovae (orange points, Scolnic et al. 2018), quasars at redshifts z = 0.7–1.3 (blue points), and quasars at redshifts z = 3.0–3.3 (red point). The luminosity distances for quasars were calculated using the parameters γ and β as described in the text, i.e., assuming that these parameters do not change with redshift, and adopting the best-fit flat ΛCDM model for supernovae. Each quasar point represents the average for all the quasars in the corresponding redshift interval.