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Fig. 4

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Volatile mass fraction trends of the six multi-planetary systems analysed with our interior-atmosphere model. We show the water mass fraction estimates (see text) as a function of the stellar incident flux or irradiation, F, in Earth irradiation units (S = 1361 W/m2) in the upper panel. In the lower panel, the incident flux is normalised with respect to the inner, most irradiated planet in each system, Finnermost. The planets whose atmospheric composition is likely to be H/He-dominated instead of water-dominated (dobs-ret > 1 σ) are indicated in grey.

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