Fig. 4.

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Parallel mean free path in the foreshock derived from in situ ion intensity measurements. Panel a: dots give the intensity-time profiles observed by EPAM for different energy channels, shifted downwards to avoid overlap. The straight lines give a time-averaged increase in the time intervals T1 = [0 h, 0.5 h] (blue) and T2 = [0.5 h, 10.3 h] (green), and the values above each line give the slope. Panel b: the dotted lines give the derived from the slopes presented in (a) for T1 (blue background) and T2 (green background). The solid line gives the f(s) (see Eq. (7)) used in the PARADISE simulations.
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