Overview of the energetic ion events observed with Solar Orbiter/EPD during the ICMEs’ passage. From top to bottom: electron+ion and ion-only STEP spectrograms, STEP ion PA distribution, sunward- and anti-sunward-directed ion EPT spectrograms, and MAG magnetic field measurements. Dashed vertical lines indicate the start and end times of the ICME-associated flux ropes (as identified by the magnetic helicity analysis and shown in Fig. 1b); a horizontal dotted line at B = 0 is also displayed in the bottom panel as a reference.