Cumulative histogram of the (β_∥, a, T_⊥, a/T_∥, a) occurrences over the quasi-stationary phase, for protons (left) and electrons (right) in the HVM (top, ), HVLF (middle, ), and iPIC (bottom, ) simulations. The spatial region considered is defined by y ≤ 12.5d_p. Solid curves represent different instability thresholds (the same color is adopted for both the proton and electron versions): cyclotron instabilities (orange), mirror instabilities (red), parallel fire-hose instabilities (green), and oblique fire-hose instabilities (violet). The black dash-dotted line is 1/β_∥, a.