Bird’s eye view of molecular clouds in the Milky Way - I. Column density and star formation from sub-parsec to kiloparsec scales

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Volume 653 (September 2021)

A&A, 653 (2021) A63

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Table 1

Clouds in our sample, with some of their properties and references.

Name	Dist	Mass^(a)	YSOs	SFE	l	b	f_DG	ΔA_V	Ext^(b)
	[pc]	10³[M_⊙]		log	[°]	[°]	log
MBM16 ⁽¹⁾	80 ⁽²⁾	0.01	0 ⁽²⁾		[168,174]	[− 40, − 34]		0.26	N
LDN134 ⁽³⁾	100 ⁽⁴⁾	0.11	5 ⁽³⁾	−2.41	[3,7]	[34,38]	−1.46	0.86	N
Taurus ⁽³⁾	130 ⁽⁵⁾	3.28	440 ⁽⁶⁾	−1.57	[165,177]	[−21,−11]	−0.94	1.06	N
Aquila-South ⁽⁷⁾	135 ⁽⁵⁾				[28.75,40.50]	[−20.25,−12.25]		0.42	N
Ophiuchus ⁽⁷⁾	139 ⁽⁵⁾	5.05	351 ⁽⁸⁾	−2.07	[−12,11]	[8,26]	−1.21	0.97	N
RCrA ⁽⁷⁾	155 ⁽⁵⁾	0.43	53 ⁽⁹⁾	−1.74	[−2,4]	[−24.25,−16.25]	−0.90	1.32	N
Chamaeleon ⁽⁷⁾	161 ⁽⁵⁾	1.56	111 ⁽⁹⁾	−2.26	[290,310]	[−22,−6]	−1.55	0.81	N
Pipe ⁽³⁾	180 ⁽⁵⁾	16.0	21 ⁽¹⁰⁾	−3.35	[−5,7]	[2,8]	−1.68	0.28	N
Coalsack ⁽⁷⁾	187 ⁽⁵⁾	1.19	5 ⁽¹¹⁾	−2.98	[299,304]	[−3.5,1.0]	−2.53	0.35	N
Lupus ⁽³⁾	197 ⁽⁵⁾	2.31	140 ⁽⁹⁾	−2.36	[−28,−15]	[4,20]	−1.57	0.83	N
Hercules ⁽⁷⁾	223 ⁽⁵⁾	0.08			[41,49]	[6,11]	−2.74	0.49	N
Camelopardalis ⁽⁷⁾	235 ⁽⁵⁾	0.04	150 ⁽¹²⁾	−2.30	[140.64,155.07]	[14.62,25.88]		0.33	N
Aquila ⁽⁷⁾	254 ⁽⁵⁾	18.0	403 ⁽⁸⁾	−2.64	[12,35]	[6,14]	−2.60	0.42	N
Pegasus-West ⁽⁷⁾	258 ⁽⁵⁾	0.02			[89,96]	[−32.62,−29.12]		0.38	N
LBN906–17 ⁽⁵⁾	260 ⁽⁵⁾	0.02			[−159,−155]	[−32.6,−29.2]		0.42	N
MBM12 ⁽¹³⁾	275 ⁽¹⁴⁾	0.72	8 ⁽¹⁴⁾	−3.28	[157,163]	[−37,−32]	−2.54	0.59	N
Perseus ⁽³⁾	276 ⁽⁵⁾	7.31	452 ⁽⁸⁾	−2.20	[152,162]	[−29,−12]	−1.41	0.84	N
L1333 ⁽⁵⁾	283 ⁽⁵⁾	0.23	5 ⁽¹⁵⁾	−3.23	[125.5,132.5]	[13.0,16.5]		0.51	N
Pegasus-East ⁽⁷⁾	292 ⁽⁵⁾	0.12			[100,107]	[−33.25,−25.25]		0.33	N
UrsaMajor ⁽⁷⁾	330 ⁽⁵⁾	0.90		−4.26	[138.94,150.91]	[32.88,42.25]		0.32	N
Polaris ⁽⁷⁾	343 ⁽⁵⁾	0.19			[117,128]	[20,38]		0.28	N
L1265 ⁽⁵⁾	344 ⁽⁵⁾	0.05			[116.5,119.5]	[−5.5,−2.5]		0.55	N
CephFlare ⁽³⁾	346 ⁽⁵⁾	5.26	118 ⁽¹⁶⁾	−3.21	[97.0,116.5]	[7,25]	−2.14	0.46	N
LBN968–CB28 ⁽⁵⁾	347 ⁽⁵⁾	0.20			[−157.5,−150.5]	[−29.0,−22.3]		0.59	N
GumNeb ⁽⁷⁾	348 ⁽¹⁷⁾	0.59	21 ⁽¹⁷⁾	−3.32	[260,273]	[−14,−4]	−2.98	0.38	N
Spider ⁽⁵⁾	369 ⁽⁵⁾	0.01			[132.5,137.5]	[37.5,42.5]		0.41	N
LamOri ⁽⁷⁾	399 ⁽⁵⁾	7.60	500 ⁽¹⁸⁾	−2.64	[190,200]	[−18,−7]	−2.15	0.46	N
Gemini ⁽⁷⁾	400 ⁽¹⁹⁾				[198,202]	[9.12,14.38]		0.28	N
LBN991 ⁽⁵⁾	408 ⁽⁵⁾				[−147,−145]	[−30,−28]		0.32	N
OrionB ⁽³⁾	433 ⁽⁵⁾	22.4	544 ⁽⁸⁾	−2.52	[200,210]	[−17,−4]	−1.19	0.93	N
OrionA ⁽³⁾	438 ⁽⁵⁾	40.0	2394 ⁽⁸⁾	−1.89	[204,219]	[−22,−17]	−0.84	1.04	N
California ⁽³⁾	466 ⁽⁵⁾	18.1	170 ⁽²⁰⁾	−3.00	[152,168]	[−11,−2]	−1.70	0.71	N
Draco ⁽⁵⁾	481 ⁽⁵⁾				[87.5,92.5]	[35.5,40.5]		0.38	N
Serpens ⁽³⁾	490 ⁽⁵⁾	97.7	222 ⁽⁹⁾	−3.06	[25,33]	[1,6]	−0.73	0.68	N
Lacerta ⁽⁷⁾	504 ⁽⁵⁾	0.19			[94.25,107.50]	[−20.12,−9.12]		0.29	N
CygOB7 ⁽²¹⁾	561 ⁽⁵⁾	95.8	30 ⁽²²⁾	−3.94	[90.5,95.5]	[1.5,6.5]	−1.57	0.38	N
Circinus ⁽⁵⁾	675 ⁽⁵⁾	22.9	47 ⁽²³⁾	−3.70	[−48,−39]	[−8,−2]	−1.98	0.49	N
CepheusOB3b ⁽²⁴⁾	700 ⁽²⁵⁾	36.4	2188 ⁽⁸⁾	−1.88	[106,112]	[0,4]	−1.66	0.46	N
Norma ⁽⁵⁾	721 ⁽⁵⁾	152			[−22,−19]	[−0.3,3.5]	−0.87	0.33	N
L1307–35 ⁽⁵⁾	741 ⁽⁵⁾	12.9			[123.2,131.4]	[0.8,6.5]		0.54	N
MonocerosR2 ⁽²⁶⁾	767 ⁽⁵⁾	31.3	931 ⁽⁸⁾	−2.73	[211,224]	[−16,−6]	−1.65	0.71	N
MonOB1 ⁽⁷⁾	771 ⁽⁵⁾	27.6	680 ⁽²⁷⁾	−2.52	[196,207]	[−0.5,3.5]	−1.32	0.87	N
IC5146 ⁽²⁸⁾	792 ⁽⁵⁾	4.98	130 ⁽²⁹⁾	−2.46	[92,96]	[−7,−3]	−1.50	1.03	N
CephOB4 ⁽²⁴⁾	850 ⁽²⁴⁾	29.8	12 ⁽³⁰⁾	−4.31	[116.5,122.5]	[1,7]	−1.62	0.65	N
Vela ⁽⁵⁾	866 ⁽⁵⁾	431	55 ⁽³¹⁾	−4.48	[−98,−85]	[−4,5]	−2.10	0.62	N
AFGL490 ⁽³²⁾	900 ⁽³²⁾	65.0	319 ⁽⁸⁾	−2.86	[140,144]	[0,3]	−1.59	0.41	N
L1340–55 ⁽⁵⁾	903 ⁽⁵⁾	20.3			[128.4,135.4]	[7.0,12.6]	−3.35	0.62	N
S140 ⁽³³⁾	910 ⁽²⁴⁾	20.6	531 ⁽⁸⁾	−2.29	[106,108]	[4.0,6.5]	−2.12	0.49	N
IC1396 ⁽⁵⁾	941 ⁽⁵⁾	13.8			[97.5,102.5]	[0.5,5.5]		0.36	N
L1293–1306 ⁽⁵⁾	977 ⁽⁵⁾	6.42			[119,128]	[−4.0,0.5]	−2.53	0.65	N
Split ⁽³⁴⁾	1000 ⁽³⁴⁾	1610			[36,43]	[−4,4]	−0.28	0.20	N
Ara ⁽³⁵⁾	1064 ⁽⁵⁾	274			[−25,−22]	[−3.5,−0.3]	−2.00	0.32	N
Cygnus ⁽⁷⁾	1214 ⁽⁵⁾	2280	21387 ⁽⁸⁾	−2.27	[73,87]	[−4,5]	−0.56	0.68	A
S147 ⁽³⁶⁾	1220 ⁽³⁶⁾	0.08			[178,182]	[−3.5,−1.0]		0.30	N
Lagoon ⁽⁵⁾	1220 ⁽⁵⁾	246	3200 ⁽³⁷⁾	−2.20	[6,8]	[−3.5,−1]	−0.49	0.28	N
M 20 ⁽⁵⁾	1234 ⁽⁵⁾	334	33 ⁽³⁸⁾	−4.14	[6,8]	[−1,1]	−0.03	0.42	pp
Rosette ⁽³⁹⁾	1261 ⁽⁵⁾	80.3	530 ⁽³⁹⁾	−2.80	[204,210]	[−4.0,−0.5]	−1.47	0.75	N
CMaOB1 ⁽⁵⁾	1262 ⁽⁵⁾	18.9	340 ⁽⁴⁰⁾	−2.74	[−138,−133]	[−3.5,1.8]		0.67	N
NGC 2362 ⁽⁵⁾	1317 ⁽⁵⁾	2.28			[−122.5,−117.5]	[−7.5,−2.5]		0.83	N
L291 ⁽⁵⁾	1348 ⁽⁵⁾	238	10 ⁽⁴¹⁾	−4.88	[11.0,14.1]	[−5.5,−1.5]	−1.08	0.62	N
GGD4 ⁽⁵⁾	1349 ⁽⁵⁾	3.14			[181.5,185.0]	[−6.5,−1.5]		0.41	N
NGC 6604 ⁽⁵⁾	1352 ⁽⁵⁾	441			[16.5,20.0]	[1.8,4.0]	3.00	0.30	N
M 17 ⁽⁵⁾	1509 ⁽⁵⁾	227	488 ⁽⁴²⁾	−2.67	[13.5,16.0]	[−1,0]	−0.05	0.97	pp
S235 ⁽⁴³⁾	1560 ⁽⁴³⁾	19.1	230 ⁽⁴⁴⁾	−3.00	[171,175]	[1,4]		0.70	N
IC443 ⁽⁵⁾	1593 ⁽⁵⁾	0.98			[186.5,191.5]	[2.5,7.5]		0.75	N
W3-W4-W5 ⁽⁵⁾	1647 ⁽⁵⁾	62.6			[132.5,137.5]	[−1.5,3.5]		0.57	N
NGC 6334 ⁽⁴⁵⁾	1700 ⁽⁴⁵⁾	258	163 ⁽⁴⁶⁾	−3.13	[−11,−8]	[−1,2]	−0.08	1.12	pp
M16 ⁽⁴⁷⁾	1731 ⁽⁵⁾	234	1101 ⁽⁴⁸⁾	−2.27	[15.0,18.5]	[0,2]	−0.15	0.96	pp
Cartwheel ⁽⁴⁹⁾	1800 ⁽⁴⁹⁾	142	150 ⁽⁵⁰⁾	−2.92	[344.5,146.0]	[0.7,2.2]	−0.61	0.16	A
Cyg-West ⁽³⁴⁾	1800 ⁽³⁴⁾	788			[68,73]	[−4,4]		0.45	N
GemOB1 ⁽⁷⁾	1865 ⁽⁵⁾	309	230 ⁽⁵¹⁾	−3.73	[187,196]	[−4.0,2.1]	−1.93	0.51	N
Maddalena ⁽⁵²⁾	1888 ⁽⁵⁾	13.0	70 ⁽⁵²⁾	−3.41	[−146,−140]	[−5,1]	−2.12	0.48	N

Notes. ^(a) The masses are computed from the column density maps, from pixels reaching an extinction of A_V > 3 mag. ^(b) The column density map used is noted in the last column, N for the NICEST extinction maps, A for the extinction maps derived in Appendix A, and pp for the PPMAP emission maps from Marsh et al. (2015).

References. ⁽¹⁾LaRosa et al. (1999); ⁽²⁾Pingel et al. (2013); ⁽³⁾Kainulainen et al. (2009); ⁽⁴⁾Mattila et al. (1979); ⁽⁵⁾Zucker et al. (2020); ⁽⁶⁾Rebull et al. (2011); ⁽⁷⁾Dame et al. (2001); ⁽⁸⁾Pokhrel et al. (2020); ⁽⁹⁾Dunham et al. (2015); ⁽¹⁰⁾Lada et al. (2010); ⁽¹¹⁾Kato et al. (1999); ⁽¹²⁾Straižys & Kazlauskas (2010); ⁽¹³⁾Hobbs et al. (1988); ⁽¹⁴⁾Luhman (2001); ⁽¹⁵⁾Obayashi et al. (1998); ⁽¹⁶⁾Heiderman et al. (2010); ⁽¹⁷⁾Yep & White (2020); ⁽¹⁸⁾Koenig et al. (2015); ⁽¹⁹⁾Li et al. (2015); ⁽²⁰⁾Lada et al. (2017); ⁽²¹⁾Dobashi et al. (2019); ⁽²²⁾Rice et al. (2012); ⁽²³⁾Mikami & Ogura (1994); ⁽²⁴⁾Yonekura et al. (1997); ⁽²⁵⁾Allen et al. (2012); ⁽²⁶⁾Carpenter & Hodapp (2008); ⁽²⁷⁾Rapson et al. (2014); ⁽²⁸⁾Lada et al. (1994); ⁽²⁹⁾Johnstone et al. (2017); ⁽³⁰⁾Yang et al. (1990); ⁽³¹⁾Liseau et al. (1992); ⁽³²⁾Masiunas et al. (2012); ⁽³³⁾Bally et al. (2002); ⁽³⁴⁾Green et al. (2019); ⁽³⁵⁾Arnal et al. (2003); ⁽³⁶⁾Chen et al. (2017); ⁽³⁷⁾Strasbuger et al. (2020); ⁽³⁸⁾Tapia et al. (2018); ⁽³⁹⁾Cambrésy et al. (2013); ⁽⁴⁰⁾Sewiło et al. (2019); ⁽⁴¹⁾Molina-Lera et al. (2016); ⁽⁴²⁾Povich & Whitney (2010); ⁽⁴³⁾Burns et al. (2015); ⁽⁴⁴⁾Dewangan & Anandarao (2011); ⁽⁴⁵⁾Munoz et al. (2007); ⁽⁴⁶⁾Russeil et al. (2010); ⁽⁴⁷⁾Nishimura et al. (2017); ⁽⁴⁸⁾Linsky et al. (2007); ⁽⁴⁹⁾López et al. (2011); ⁽⁵⁰⁾Figueira et al. (2019); ⁽⁵¹⁾Koenig et al. (2011); ⁽⁵²⁾Megeath et al. (2009).

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