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Table D.1

Input parameters used for the mantle model of Sect. 2.1 and Appendix A.

Parameter Name Value Unit
Ac⊕ Earth’s core surface area(1) 1.5 × 1014 m2
Am⊕ Earth’s mantle surface area(1) 5.1 × 1014 m2
α Mantle mean thermal expansivity(1) 2 × 10−5 K−1
β Nu-Ra relation exponent 1∕3
cc Core mean specific heat(2) 800 J kg−1 K−1
cm Mantle mean specific heat(2) 1100 J kg−1 K−1
D Earth’s mantle thickness(3) 2.92 × 106 m
E Activation energy for subsolidus creep deformation(1) 3 × 105 J mol−1
g Gravitational acceleration(1) 9.81 m s−2
k Mantle mean thermal conductivity(1) 4 W m−1 K−1
η Present-day Earth viscosity(1) 1021 Pa s
Q0 Present-day radiogenic heat production(4) 3.31 × 10−8 W m−3
Present-day heat production contribution from 238U(4) 24.285 %
Present-day heat production contribution from 235U(4) 0.1467 %
Present-day heat production contribution from 232Th(4) 74.752 %
Present-day heat production contribution from 40K(4) 0.8063 %
Rg Gas constant(1) 8.314 J mol−1 K−1
Racr Critical Rayleigh number(1) 450
Ra Present-day Earth Rayleigh number(2) 4.26 × 107
ρc Core mean density(2) 11449 kg m−3
ρm Mantle mean density(2) 4424 kg m−3
t Age of Earth(1) 4.5 Gyr
238U half-life(5) 4.468 Gyr
235U half-life(5) 0.7038 Gyr
232 Th half-life(5) 14.05 Gyr
40 K half-life(5) 1.277 Gyr
Tm ⊕ Present-day Earth upper mantle temperature(1) 1650 K
Vc ⊕ Earth’s core volume(1) 1.7 × 1020 m3
Vm ⊕ Earth’s mantle volume(1) 9.1 × 1020 m3

References.Parameter values are taken from (1)Höning et al. (2019b), (2)calculated in this work. (3)Driscoll & Bercovici (2014), (4)Korenaga (2008), or (5) Turcotte & Schubert (2014)

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