Evolution of the rate of flares with total emitted X-ray and EUV fluences in the habitable zone above 1.8 × 10⁴ erg cm⁻² for different stellar masses. The left and right columns show results for α (Eq. (26)) of 1.6 and 2.4, respectively, showing that our uncertainties in the flare energy distribution can significantly influence our understanding of the effects of flares on habitable zone planets. Red, green and blue lines refer to fast, medium, and slow rotators and grey circles show our model distribution.