Three-dimensional visualization of vortices in a sub-domain of the simulation box (dimension: 12 Mm × 12 Mm × 1.4 Mm, with the mean solar surface in the center). The corrugated τ = 1 layer (continuum formation height) is color-coded according to the vertical component of magnetic field strength (see color bar on the left). The dark green structures are vortices identified via the swirling strength criterion.