Combined spectrum of HAT-P-12b and the best atmospheric models fitted to this spectrum. The red points are the average of our LBT/MODS spectrum and the reanalyzed HST/STIS spectrum from A2018. The HST/WFC3 data (blue points) are also included in the model fit. The best-fit cloud-free model with no constraint on the atmospherictemperature (red) disagrees with the observations. The blue shadow denotes the best cloudy models with 1σ confidence region. The models are self-consistently calculated with petitCODE. The retrieved parameters are shown in Table 5.