ROSINA-COPS-derived local neutral measurements at comet 67P during the Rosetta mission. (A) Time series of the local estimated “upstream” column density of neutral species (gray crosses), from Eq. (2), and 24 h moving-averaged values (black line). (B) Cometocentric distance of Rosetta (left) and heliocentric distance of comet 67P during the mission (right). (C) Empirically derived neutral outgassing speed (left axis) and outgassing rate (right axis) from Eqs. (9) and (7). Safe mode and excursions are indicated.