Fig. 16.

Throughput (ηp) and relative integration time () for a vortex coronagraph using a clear aperture for charges m = 2, 4, 6 using a conventional intensity detector or a single-mode fiber centered around the planet. A telescope tip-tilt jitter of (left column) 0.05λ/D or (right column) 0.15λ/D rms was taken into account. These values correspond to a best and worst case performance of the adaptive optics system. The throughput is calculated for the optimal position angle of the off-axis source (i.e. directly across an off-axis microlens). For the vortex coronagraph without fiber, the throughput and relative integration time is calculated on an aperture of radius 0.7λ/D centered around the planet.
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