Same as Fig. 5 but for a population of synthetic filaments with higher column density contrasts δ_c ∼ 1.1, resulting in A_fil ∼ 0.087. (The area filling factor is similar to that in Fig. 4, A_fil ∼ 7.2%.) Panel b: note how the amplitude of the power spectrum due to the synthetic filaments (blue curve) is comparable to that of the power spectrum of the Polaris original image (see green dashed line and Fig. 3). The logarithmic slope of the total power spectrum P(k)_fil + P(k)_Polaris is −2.96. Panel c: residuals between the best power-law fit and P(k)_{Polaris + fil} (red solid circles) shows a peak near k_fil ∼ 0.24 arcmin⁻¹. In this simulation, the is 0.08, close to the fiducial detection limit A_fil ∼ 1 introduced in Sect. 7 (see Fig. 12).