Three TSI reconstructions based on different isotope records: U16-14C (blue), U16-10Be (green) and the composite Wu18 (black) plotted over the periods: panel a) 6755 BC–2000 AD, panel b) 1000 BC–2000 AD, and panel c) 1400 AD–2000 AD. The uncertainty range of the reconstruction based on the Wu18 composite is indicated by the grey shaded area. Decadal averages of the reconstruction based on the directly observed SN are shown in red after 1639. The solid line is the reconstruction based on the WDC-SILSO series while the dashed line is based on the record by Chatzistergos et al. (2017). The yellow shaded area highlights the difference between them.