Positions of geocentric radiants of theoretical particles (black dots) in the predicted filament F2 and corresponding real-shower meteors of the ϵ-Geminids, shower 23, separated from the CAMS-video (green triangles) and SonotaCo-video (red full squares) databases. The positions are shown in the models for the evolutionary time t_ev = 40 kyr and a series of the values of P–R effect parameter β = 0.001 (panel a), 0.003 (panel b), 0.005 (panel c), and 0.007 (panel d). To show the radiants, the Sun-centered ecliptic coordinate frame is used.