Impact of D-burning on the mass-radius relation of the cold-nominal population at 3 Myr (formation phase, top left) and during the evolutionary phase, namely at 20 (top right), 50 (bottom left), and 500 Myr (bottom right). Planets with a semimajor axis between 0.2 and 5 AU are shown. As in Fig. 2, green, yellow, and red points correspond to planets with L_D/L_int of at least 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5. Small black dots additionally show planets with L_D/L_int> 1, i.e., where the D-burning leads to an expansion of the planet’s radius. The thin brown line in the top left panel shows the example of a M−R track of a planet eventually undergoing deuterium burning (see discussion in Sect. 5.4.1).