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Table 3

Values of the parameters set in PIKAIA with their meaning in comparison with the standard ones.

Parameter Present work Default Identifier name

ng 100 100 number of individuals in a population
ngen 300 500 number of generations over which solution is to evolve
nd 5 6 number of significant digits
crossover 0.90 0.85 crossover probability
mut 2 2 mutation mode: 1 – one-point mutation, fixed rate; 2 – one-point, adjustable rate based on fitness;
3 – one-point, adjustable rate based on distance; 4 – one-point + creep, fixed rate;
5 – one-point+creep, adjustable rate based on fitness;
6 – one-point+creep, adjustable rate based on distance
imut 0.005 0.005 initial mutation rate
pmutmn 0.0005 0.0005 minimum mutation rate
pmutmx 0.35 0.25 maximum mutation rate
fdif 1.0 1.0 relative fitness differential
irep 1 3 reproduction plan: 1 – full generational; 2 – steady state replace-random;
3 – state-replace-worst (only with no elitism)
ielite 1 0 elitism: 1 = on, 0 = off

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