Fig. 1

SE formation of EB diagnostics in the ALC7 model atmosphere of Avrett & Loeser (2008) computed with the RH code of Uitenbroek (2001). Left, solid: logarithmic NLTE population departure coefficients b ≡ n/nLTE as function of height, respectively bl for the lower level and bu for the upper level of the line identified in each panel. Left, dashed: logarithmic lower-level populations normalized by the total element density (axis scales to the right). Left, dotted: the same fractional population in LTE. Right: Planck function Bλ (thin solid, the same in all panels), angle-averaged intensity or Jλ (dashed), line source function Sλ (solid). These quantities are plotted as representative temperatures to avoid the Wien sensitivity of the Planck function and so obtain directly comparable scales. For PRD lines (Ca ii K and Mg ii k) Sλ and Jλ are shown for line center and the emergent-profile peaks and dips. The three vertical ticks define the heights where total optical depth τλ = 3,1,0.3, respectively (in the lefthand column only for line center on the bl curve). The S<B splits correspond to the bu<bl divergences at left. Remarkable: at left the very deep dip in the dashed Hα population curve, the relative flatness of the Ca ii 8542 Å and Ca ii K population curves, the utter flatness of the Mg ii k population curve, and the large chromospheric overpopulations from photon suction for the Mg i b2 and Na i D1 lower levels. At right the discordantly high value of S ≈ J for Hα across the temperature minimum from backscattering and the overall similarity of the scattering S ≈ J declines of all lines, including independently scattering PRD wings.
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