Fig. 9

Hill stability limits for the K2-19 system. We assume M⋆ = 0.9 M⊙, the mutual inclination between the planets is 1 degree, and ab/ac is within 0.1 per cent of based on the planetary orbital period ratios. Eccentricites are measured in Jacobi coordinates. If K2-19 is Hill unstable, then the 3:2 MMR might act as a crucial protection mechanism to ensure the system’s long-term stability on the main sequence.
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