Table 1
Multi-epoch VLA A configuration plus PT antenna observations of Betelgeuse.
| Date | λ | Restoring beam | σrms | θmaj | θmin | PA | Fν | Tb |
| (cm) | (mas × mas, °) | (mJy beam-1) | (mas) | (mas) | (°) | (mJy) | (K) | |
|
|
||||||||
| 2004 Oct. 21,30 | 0.7 | 39 × 26,42 | 0.37 | 99 ± 3 | 92 ± 3 | 92 ± 20 | 28.68 ± 0.53 | 2940 ± 140 |
| 1.3 | 80 × 42,32 | 0.09 | 127 ± 2 | 114 ± 2 | 85 ± 5 | 13.83 ± 0.10 | 3160 ± 80 | |
| 2.0 | 121 × 91,54 | 0.08 | 158 ± 6 | 152 ± 10 | 132 ± 59 | 7.23 ± 0.15 | 2360 ± 190 | |
| 3.5 | 208 × 126,41 | 0.02 | 218 ± 6 | 182 ± 9 | 162 ± 7 | 3.34 ± 0.03 | 2140 ± 120 | |
| 6.1 | 377 × 264,46 | 0.02 | 315 ± 29 | 187 ± 40 | 173 ± 9 | 1.55 ± 0.04 | 1920 ± 450 | |
| 20.5 | 1262 × 889,45 | 0.03 | <889 | <889 | ... | 0.25 ± 0.03 | >260 | |
|
|
||||||||
| 2003 Aug. 10,12 | 0.7 | 40 × 27,47 | 0.46 | 103 ± 4 | 92 ± 5 | 104 ± 16 | 28.05 ± 0.84 | 2760 ± 200 |
| 1.3 | 80 × 42,32 | 0.17 | 122 ± 5 | 114 ± 6 | 8 ± 24 | 11.20 ± 0.24 | 2670 ± 190 | |
| 2.0 | 119 × 96,62 | 0.10 | 132 ± 10 | 116 ± 9 | 11 ± 27 | 5.88 ± 0.17 | 3010 ± 340 | |
| 3.5 | 204 × 139,46 | 0.03 | 193 ± 7 | 140 ± 11 | 152 ± 7 | 2.80 ± 0.04 | 2630 ± 230 | |
| 6.1 | 378 × 297,69 | 0.03 | 247 ± 47 | 179 ± 61 | 169 ± 28 | 1.22 ± 0.04 | 2010 ± 780 | |
| 20.5 | 1247 × 931,49 | 0.04 | <931 | <931 | ... | 0.26 ± 0.03 | >250 | |
|
|
||||||||
| 2002 Apr. 12,13 | 1.3 | 91 × 59,45 | 0.18 | 134 ± 9 | 102 ± 6 | 36 ± 10 | 8.96 ± 0.24 | 2170 ± 200 |
| 2.0 | 131 × 98,60 | 0.39 | 166 ± 16 | 104 ± 13 | 41 ± 11 | 5.32 ± 0.24 | 2420 ± 400 | |
| 3.5 | 224 × 155,65 | 0.03 | 234 ± 9 | 171 ± 10 | 41 ± 7 | 2.66 ± 0.04 | 1690 ± 120 | |
| 20.5 | 1398 × 1146,55 | 0.06 | <1146 | <1146 | ... | 0.38 ± 0.06 | >240 | |
|
|
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| 2002 Feb. 17,18 | 1.3 | 83 × 48,30 | 0.14 | 120 ± 4 | 109 ± 3 | 31 ± 13 | 10.87 ± 0.17 | 2750 ± 130 |
| 2.0 | 128 × 90,51 | 0.11 | 148 ± 11 | 125 ± 18 | 142 ± 26 | 5.38 ± 0.22 | 2280 ± 380 | |
| 3.5 | 200 × 135,43 | 0.03 | 222 ± 8 | 166 ± 13 | 155 ± 7 | 2.85 ± 0.04 | 1960 ± 170 | |
| 20.5 | 1312 × 951,55 | 0.05 | <951 | <951 | ... | 0.30 ± 0.05 | >270 | |
|
|
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| 2001 Jan. 02 | 1.3 | 78 × 42,35 | 0.08 | 124 ± 2 | 115 ± 1 | 40 ± 8 | 12.58 ± 0.08 | 2920 ± 60 |
| 2000 Dec. 23 | 0.7 | 44 × 20,29 | 0.18 | 98 ± 2 | 91 ± 1 | 178 ± 8 | 29.02 ± 0.30 | 3040 ± 80 |
Notes. The restoring beam properties (major axis, minor axis, PA) and image rms noise values are taken from the uniformly weighted radio images that include the PT antenna baselines. The major and minor axis of the resolved stellar radio disk θmaj and θmin, the position angle PA (measured east of north), and the total flux density Fν, are all derived from the best-fit uniform intensity disk models using uvmultifit. The atmosphere at 20.5 cm was unresolved so we define the minor axis of the restoring beam as the upper limit to its diameter. The brightness temperatures, Tb, have been derived using Eq. (1) in Sect. 3.4.
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