Fig. 12

Maxwellian distribution of relative speeds for mm-sized particles (τf = 0.003, pressure support Δ = 0.05 and solid concentration Z = Σsolid/ Σtotal = is 0.074). For particles separated by distance d< 10-5H (H is the disk scale height) the Maxwellian distribution has characteristic speed â ~ 0.3 cm/s (red). Extrapolating as d → 0 we obtain a conservative estimate of â0 = 0.05 cm/s (blue). For reference, we include the sticking, bouncing and fragmenting regions from Güttler et al. (2010), and the root-mean-squared speed vrms for all the particles in the simulation. Note that the shape of the curve is distorted by the log scale; in particular, the great majority of collisions are in the bouncing regime. Also note that vrms is a poor estimate for the the collision speeds. The value â is obtained by the maximum likelihood method.
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