Modulation matrix elements as the LCVR and charge-shuffling system is driven at different shuffling speeds. The Meadowlark LCVRs have a nominal switching time of 20−50 ms depending on the temperature, wavelength and retardance change commanded. As the modulation speed is increased the liquid crystals spend a larger fraction of the integration time in intermediate states while switching retardance, thus reducing the efficiency of the polarization modulation. We nominally use a switching time of 1 s or slower to achieve high polarization modulation efficiency with HiVIS.