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Table 1

Overview of the integrators used in the numerical tests.

Method Description

BLOCK Conventional particle-based block time steps – positions of particles in lower time step bins are extrapolated when calculating the movement of particles in faster time step bins.

HOLD Individual timestepping method based on Hamiltonian splitting. Particles in different timestep bins interact by exchanging symmetric kicks (Pelupessy et al. 2012).

CC An implementation of the connected components splitting (Sect. 2.2). Iterative partitioning based on the connected components of the graph generated by the pairwise timestep criterion.

CC_KEPLER An extension of the CC method that uses a Kepler solver to evolve connected components with two particles (Sect. 3.2).

Notes. The implementations share a significant amount of the code and data structures used for storing system state, calculating time steps, and evaluating (partial) forces.

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