Specific torque for different semimajor axes in units of the semimajor axis of Jupiter a_Jup for a 20 Earth mass planet. The red lines show torques obtained with our STD model (f_visc = 1.0), the green lines with the BMF model (f_visc = 0.55). The solid (dashed) lines do (not) include the reduction of the surface density due to gap formation (gr). The line with black crosses shows torques found in the 3D-radiative hydrodynamic simulations of Bitsch & Kley (2011). The blue line shows torques obtained with the model of Paardekooper et al. (2011). The solid green line is our model of choice for the population synthesis models because it fits the results of full 3D simulations best.