Plot of ⟨ Δr ⟩ / ⟨ r ⟩ versus for different global perturbations of the asteroid Apollo. A bounding line is drawn with the slope k_max = 0.22. As the relative perturbation ⟨ Δr ⟩ / ⟨ r ⟩ grows, the absolute change in remains bounded and well below the linear upper bound estimate. An alternative bounding line with 80% of the values of remaining under the line is plotted in the same figure, with the slope k_80% = 0.13.