Analytical test functions: a) the Himmelblau function has four identical minima at f(3.0,2.0) = f(− 2.805118,3.131312) = f(− 3.779310,−3.283186) = f(3.584428,−1.848126) = 0; b) the Rosenbrock function has one global minimum at f(1,1) = 0; c) the Rastrigin function has one global minimum at f(0,0) = 0. The contour plots of the different test functions are plotted in the second column. The positions of the global minima for each test function are indicated by red dots.