Fig. 4

Vertical (left) and horizontal (right) velocity maps in a typical 3D snapshot of the red giant model constructed at different geometrical depth, z, with z = 0 set at log τRoss = 0 and increasing towards the stellar center. Locations where the vertical velocity Mach (supersonic down-flows) are marked with white contours, those where vz and vh exceed 1 Mach are contoured in black (contours start at Mach = ± 1.0 and are drawn at every ± 0.5 Mach thereof). Vertical lines mark the x position (x = 7.77 × 1011 cm) at which the 1D velocity profiles shown in Fig. 8 were taken.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.