Relationship between branching effect, over-recovery and geoeffectiveness as seen in |FD|(B) plot: a) over-recovery (gray squares, dotted line) and no-over-recovery events (black dots, solid line); b) the same as in a) but only for ICMEs with field strength B > 10 nT; c) events associated with minor or no GMS (Dst >  −50, black dots), events associated with medium GMSs (−50 > Dst >  −200, gray triangles) and those associated with the strongest GMSs (Dst <  −200, squares); d) a composite plot of events associated with GMSs in the range  −50 > Dst >  −200 (squares), events associated with the strongest GMSs (Dst <  −200, gray circles), over-recovery events (black triangles) and no-over-recovery events (black dots).