Observed GSMFs in different redshift ranges (upper) and observed SMD between 10⁹ and 10¹³ M_⊙ (lower) compared with theoretical predictions, shown as coloured curves. Red dotted curves: Menci et al. (2006). Blue long-dashed curves: MORGANA (Monaco et al. 2007). Green dashed curves: Wang et al. (2008). Orange dot-dashed curves: Somerville et al. (2011). Black solid circles, solid lines, red open boxes, and the grey shaded area show the results of the present work as in Figs. 5 and 9.