Fig. 9
Top: histogram of all the β measured, binned by 20°. Bottom: cumulative probability function for models by Fabrycky & Tremaine (2007) (blued dashed) and Nagasawa et al. (2008) (red dotted) converted from ψ to β, compared with current observations of β (plain black). The vertical black dotted line shows β = 30°. Above that, planets are considered misaligned.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.