Issue |
A&A
Volume 519, September 2010
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A88 | |
Number of page(s) | 8 | |
Section | Interstellar and circumstellar matter | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014184 | |
Published online | 16 September 2010 |
Accretion dynamics and disk evolution in NGC 2264: a study
based on CoRoT
photometric observations![[*]](/icons/foot_motif.png)
S. H. P. Alencar1 - P. S. Teixeira2 - M. M. Guimarães1,3 - P. T. McGinnis1 - J. F. Gameiro4 - J. Bouvier5 - S. Aigrain6,7 - E. Flaccomio8 - F. Favata9
1 - Departamento de Física - ICEx - UFMG, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 30270-901
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
2 - ESO, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
3 - UFSJ - Campus Alto Paraopeba - Rodovia MG 443, KM 7, 36420-000 Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
4 - Centro de Astrofisica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150 Porto, Portugal
5 - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique, Observatoire de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
6 - School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
7 - Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Oxford, OX4 1DQ, UK
8 - INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento 1, 90134 Palermo, Italy
9 - European Space Agency, 8-10 rue Mario Nikis, 75015 Paris, France
Received 2 February 2010 / Accepted 19 May 2010
Abstract
Context. The young cluster NGC 2264 was observed with
the CoRoT satellite for 23 days uninterruptedly in March 2008 with
unprecedented photometric accuracy. We present the first results of our
analysis of the accreting population belonging to the cluster as
observed by CoRoT.
Aims. We search for possible light curve variability of the same
nature as that observed in the classical T Tauri star AA Tau,
which was attributed to a magnetically controlled inner disk warp. The
inner warp dynamics is supposed to be directly associated with the
interaction between the stellar magnetic field and the inner disk
region.
Methods. We analyzed the CoRoT light curves of
83 previously known classical T Tauri stars that belong to
NGC 2264 classifying them according to their light-curve
morphology. We also studied the CoRoT light-curve morphology as a
function of a Spitzer-based classification of the star-disk systems.
Results. The classification derived on the basis of the CoRoT light-curve morphology agrees very well with the Spitzer
IRAC-based classification of the systems. The percentage of AA Tau-like
light curves decreases as the inner disk dissipates, from 40% 10% in systems with thick inner disks to 36%
16% in systems with anemic disks and zero in naked photosphere systems. Indeed, 91%
29% of the CTTS with naked photospheres exhibit pure spot-like variability, while only 18%
7% of the thick disk systems do so, presumably those seen at low inclination and thus free of variable obscuration.
Conclusions. AA Tau-like light curves are found to be fairly common, with a frequency of at least 30
to 40% in young stars with inner dusty disks. The temporal
evolution of the light curves indicates that the structure of the inner
disk warp, located close to the corotation radius and responsible for
the obscuration episodes, varies over a timescale of a few (
1-3) rotational periods. This probably reflects the highly dynamical nature of the star-disk magnetospheric interaction.
Key words: accretion, accretion disks - techniques: photometric - stars: pre-main sequence
1 Introduction
T Tauri stars are young, optically visible, low-mass stars still
contracting toward the main sequence. They
have strong magnetic fields (2 kG) and are X-ray emitters.
The so-called weak line T Tauri stars (WTTSs) do not appear to experience
disk accretion, while the classical T Tauri
stars (CTTSs) do.
CTTSs exhibit broad emission lines and sometimes also forbidden
emission lines. They are spectroscopically and
photometrically variable, and have ultraviolet (UV), optical, and
infrared (IR) excesses with respect to the photospheric flux.
Magnetospheric accretion models provide the closest description of the main observed characteristics of CTTSs (Hartmann et al. 1994; Muzerolle et al. 2001; Kurosawa et al. 2006; Shu et al. 1994). In these models, the stellar magnetosphere is strong enough to disrupt the circumstellar disk at a few stellar radii. Material in the inner disk, ionized by stellar radiation, falls towards the star following magnetic field lines and hits the stellar photosphere at near free-fall velocities, creating hot spots on the stellar surface. Part of the ionized material in the inner disk region is ejected by a magnetically controlled wind. In this scenario, the broad permitted emission lines are formed partly in the accretion funnel and the hot spot emits a continuum flux that is responsible for the UV and optical excess that veils the photospheric lines. The IR excess comes from the reprocessing by the dust in the disk of the stellar and accretion radiation and, at least for high accretion-rate systems, possibly also viscous heating. When observed, forbidden emission lines are understood to be formed in the low density wind.
In the past decade, numerical simulations of accreting young stars have predicted that there is a very dynamical star-disk interaction, mediated by the stellar magnetic field (Romanova et al. 2009; Matt et al. 2002; Goodson et al. 1999; Zanni 2009). Many magneto-hydrodynamical (MHD) model predictions are derived from the idea that the stellar magnetic field interacts with the inner disk region near the corotation radius but not only at the corotation point. Because of the differential rotation between the star and the inner disk region, the magnetic field lines become distorted after a few rotational periods and eventually reconnect, restoring the initial field configuration. This process continues while the star rotates. The timescale of the reconnection events depends on the diffusivity of the stellar magnetic field lines in the inner disk region, which is a very poorly constrained parameter.
AA Tau is one of few CTTSs studied in sufficient detail
to test the MHD model dynamical predictions. The star was observed photometrically
for a month during three different campaigns, two of which included high-resolution
simultaneous spectroscopy (Bouvier et al. 2003,1995,2007). AA Tau exhibits a light curve (LC) with a flat
maximum interrupted by deep quasi-periodical minima that vary in depth and
width from one rotational cycle to the other. The minima occur with
little color change and are thought to be due to obscuration of the
stellar photosphere
by circumstellar disk material present in an inner disk warp. The warp is caused by
the interaction of the stellar magnetic field, inclined with respect to the rotation axis,
and the inner disk region. The spectroscopic results showed that the magnetic field lines
are inflated in the course of a few rotational cycles, as measured by the radial velocity of the red and
blue absorption components of the H line. When the field lines
are most inflated, accretion onto the star is suppressed, with no apparent
veiling, and low emission-line equivalent widths, which again corroborates the
MHD model predictions. After reconnection, accretion begins all over again.
The last two AA Tau observational campaigns were separated by 5 years and the
field line inflation discovered in the second campaign was still present
with the same characteristics in the third one.
Although the AA Tau observations provided strong support to the MHD results, it has remained unclear whether this behaviour was common among CTTSs. To test this, one required good photometric measurements of a large number of CTTSs, covering several rotational cycles. In Taurus, the typical rotational period of a CTTS is around 8 days, so that stars need to be monitored for at least a month continuously. This is not an easy task from the ground, because of telescope time allocation and weather conditions. The CoRoT satellite additional program to observe the young stellar cluster NGC 2264 has allowed us to perform this study on a large sample of CTTSs.
NGC 2264 is a well-studied young stellar cluster with an age of 3 Myr located at a
distance of about 760 pc (see Dahm 2008, for a review of the cluster).
We matched the various available datasets on the cluster from the literature based on spatial coincidence
using a 2
tolerance. In a small number of cases, double identifications
(more than one object within 2
)
were transformed into single ones,
especially in cases where one of the two objects had a small offset and the
other a large one relative to the coordinates listed in the various datasets.
Owing to the numerous studies of the cluster, from UV to X-rays, we were able to
establish reasonable criteria for cluster membership.
As likely members of NGC 2264, we considered stars selected according to one
or more of the following criteria: i) photometric H
and variability from
the data of Lamm et al. (2004) and following their criteria; ii) X-ray detection
(Ramírez et al. 2004; Flaccomio et al. 2006) and location on the cluster sequence
in the (I, R-I) diagram if R and I magnitudes are available; iii) spectroscopic H
equivalent width greater than 10 Å; and iv) H
emission line width at 10% intensity greater than 270 km s-1, as proposed by White & Basri (2003) to identify
accreting T Tauri stars, and measured
by Furész et al. (2006) for many cluster members.
The mean rotational period of CTTSs in NGC 2264 is around 3 to 4 days (see Sect. 4). CoRoT observed the cluster for 23 days uninterruptedly, covering several rotational cycles for most of the stars, thus allowing the identification of AA Tau-like candidates and the determination of precise rotational periods for cluster members. The complete rotation analysis will be discussed separately in another paper (Affer et al., in prep.).
2 Observations
CoRoT observed NGC 2264 from 2008 March 7 to 30.
The whole cluster fitted into one of the two CCDs normally used for the
exo-planet observations, and stars were observed down to
.
We used the light curves delivered by the CoRoT pipeline after nominal
corrections (Samadi et al. 2006). We corrected the
pipeline light curves by removing outliers, related mainly to South Atlantic Anomaly
crossings, by applying a sigma-clipping filter,
taking care not to remove flaring events. The data were also corrected for
the effects of the entrance and exit into Earth eclipses. We did
not use the color information provided by CoRoT for the
brightest stars, and based our analysis on the broadband, ``white
light'' light curves. All the light curves presented here
were rebinned to 512 s and correspond to the integrated flux in the CoRoT mask.
The flux RMS over 512 s achieved is of the order of 0.0005 for a R=12 star
and 0.004 for a R=16 star, representing the most detailed light curves of young accreting systems
yet obtained, as shown in Fig. 1. A complete catalog of the observations will be
published in a future paper (Favata et al. in preparation).
3 Results
3.1 Classical T Tauri sample selection
![]() |
Figure 1: A sample of 6 CTTS light curves from the COROT observation of NGC 2264. F0 corresponds to the maximum flux value of each LC. Light curves a and b have been classified as spot-like, c and d as AA Tau-like, and e and f as irregular. |
Open with DEXTER |
After selecting the cluster members as described in Sect. 1,
we classified stars as CTTSs if either their H
equivalent width was
greater than 10 Å, their U-V excess smaller than a threshold calculated below,
or their H
width at 10% intensity was greater than 270 km s-1. Some stars had more than
one of the above-mentioned characteristics.
White & Basri (2003) demonstrated that the accretion criterium based on H
equivalent
width is spectral-type dependent, the threshold being smaller than
10 Å for spectral types earlier than K7 and greater than 10 Å
for spectral types later than M2.5. Whenever spectral type
information was available, we followed the accretion criteria proposed
by White & Basri (2003), instead of using the
standard 10 Å value.
Rebull et al. (2002) proposed that stars in NGC 2264 with a U-V excess smaller than -0.5 be classified as disk candidates. This threshold value was based on a study of the
Orion star-forming region (Rebull et al. 2000). However, the U-V excess is also expected to be
spectral-type dependent, stars with later spectral types having larger U-V excess
than earlier ones, for the same mass accretion rate, because of the greater contrast
between the hot spot and the stellar photosphere in later spectral types.
Therefore we searched for all stars in our sample that had been selected as CTTS based on
both their U-V excess and another criterion (H
equivalent width or H
width at 10%
intensity). We separated them into two spectral type ranges (K0-K6 with 14 stars, and K7-M3
with 10 stars) and computed the mean U-V excesses of each dataset. The K0-K6 CTTSs
have a typical U-V excess of
mag and the K7-M3 CTTSs a typical U-V excess of
mag. Using the one
upper boundary in each spectral type
range as a threshold for differentiating CTTS from WTTS (-0.58 for K0-K6, and -1.12 for K7-M3),
we selected 7 stars as CTTSs based only on their U-V excess. While the value of -0.5 mag
proposed by Rebull et al. (2002) seems to be adequate for stars in the K0-K6 spectral range, it is
apparently too large for selecting K7-M3 CTTSs in NGC 2264.
We found 83 CTTSs among the 301 observed cluster members and we present in
Table 1 the data used to make the CTTS classification.
The H
equivalent width was taken from Rebull et al. (2002) and Dahm & Simon (2005), except for
six stars (CID 223957455, 223959618, 223964667, 223968688, 223991832, 223994721)
for which we measured the H
equivalent width ourselves, using high
resolution hectoechelle spectra kindly provided by Gabor Furész.
The U-V excess data were obtained from Rebull et al. (2002) and
Fallscheer & Herbst (2006) (a data table was kindly provided by Cassandra Fallscheer),
and the H
width at 10% intensity was taken from Furész et al. (2006).
Some CTTSs selected based on their U-V excess had H
values smaller than
10 Å and would therefore not be selected as CTTS based only on
their H
equivalent width. However, their U-V excess values are smaller than our established
threshold values and in the same range
as many other systems with either H
equivalent widths greater
than 10 Å or H
widths at 10% larger than 270 km s-1. We took into consideration
that both H
equivalent width and U-V excess are strongly variable in these stars and
were not measured simultaneously. It therefore appears reasonable to use both criteria
to select possible CTTSs.
3.2 Morphological light curve classification
We searched for periodical variations in the LCs of the observed CTTSs, using the Scargle periodogram as modified by Horne & Baliunas (1986), and found that 51 of 83 CTTSs exhibited periodical variability. Periodic LCs were divided into two groups: group PI, containing sinusoidal-like LCs with a stable shape from cycle to cycle, and group PII, flat-topped LCs with a clear maximum interrupted by minima that varied in width and depth from cycle to cycle. The variations in group PI are associated with long-lived spots with lifetimes of at least of weeks, while group PII is associated with AA Tau-like systems, where most of the variability is caused by the obscuration of the stellar photosphere by circumstellar disk material. The non-periodical LCs (group NP) may be due to either obscuration by non-uniformly distributed circumstellar material or non-steady accretion, or both.
A total of 83 CTTSs belonging to NGC 2264 were observed by CoRoT, 28 of which were classified as spot-like (group PI), 23 as AA Tau-like (group PII), and 32 as irregular (group NP). A sample of light curves of each type is shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 2, we present the periodical LCs of Fig. 1 folded in phase with the periods determined with the Scargle periodogram as modified by Horne & Baliunas (1986). We note the stability of the spot-like LCs (Figs. 1 and 2a and b) on the timescale of the observations, which makes them, in general, easily distinguishable from the AA Tau-like ones (Figs. 1 and 2c and d). Among the irregular LCs, some more closely resemble variable accretion events (variable hot spots, Fig. 1e) and others obscuration by non-uniform circumstellar material (Fig. 1f), but it is difficult to decide which process is the dominant one based only on the CoRoT light curves without any color information. Therefore we did not make any additional attempt to classify the irregular systems.
![]() |
Figure 2:
The four periodic LCs from Fig. 1 folded in phase. Different colors
correspond to different cycles.
|
Open with DEXTER |
We measured the variability amplitude of a LC as
.
In our sample, the observed CTTS variability amplitudes range from 3% to 137%, excluding
flaring events.
The variability amplitude of spot-like LCs is generally between about 10% and 15% and
most of the stars that have a variability amplitude larger than 20% have LCs most likely produced by
the obscuration of the stellar photosphere by circumstellar material (AA Tau-like).
The AA Tau system variability amplitude, measured from data in the literature, is 76%
and 8 of 83 stars observed by CoRoT have a higher variability amplitude than AA Tau.
Although AA Tau has a high variability amplitude, probably
because of its high inclination to our line of sight (
75
Bouvier et al. 2003),
it is not exceptional among CTTS systems.
From the results in this section, it is clear that the AA Tau photometric behavior is
not an exception, but a rather common occurrence among young stellar systems,
that is typical of 28% 6% of the CTTS systems in NGC 2264 observed with CoRoT.
The percentage of AA Tau-like systems among the observed CTTSs seems reasonable, given that only
some geometric configurations (high inclination) would enable the occultation of
the observed stellar photosphere, and the chances of occultation events also depend
on the disk warp's location and scale-height.
This result is however higher than the value of 10% to 15% calculated by Bertout (2000) using flared disk models to estimate the probability
of observing partial occultation events in CTTS systems. However, the disk models of
Bertout (2000) do not include an inner disk warp, and consequently underestimate the
probability of obscuration.
Assuming a random distribution of axial inclinations, the fraction of AA Tau-like
LCs in our sample (
)
implies that
for inner disk warps, where h
and r are the inner warp height and distance to the central star. This is larger than
the standard value used in
-disk models, where
(Duchêne et al. 2010; Bertout et al. 1988).
3.3 Merging CoRoT and Spitzer data
Spitzer IRAC data were also available for the cluster (Teixeira 2008), a total of 68 CTTSs having been observed by both Spitzer and CoRoT. IRAC is useful for identifying near-infrared excess emission originating in warm dusty circumstellar material. We used the







We combined both datasets in order to ascertain whether the light curve
morphology was related to the evolution of the inner disk structure.
The result, presented in Fig. 3, shows that the agreement between the two
classification methods for CTTS (based on the CoRoT light curves and
on the Spitzer photometry) is excellent. None of the systems
with naked photospheres exhibit AA Tau-like
LCs and 10/11 (91% 29%) of them show pure spot-like variability. The percentage of
AA Tau-like LCs, which are due to obscuration by circumstellar disk material,
thus increases from 0% for the evolved inner disk systems
(naked photospheres) to 36%
16% for the anemic disk systems and 40%
10% for
the thick disk systems. Because some of the non-periodic LCs may also be
partly caused by circumstellar obscuration (see a possible example in Fig. 1f),
the fractional estimates of
obscuration LCs are lower limits for systems with anemic and thick
disks.
Spot-like systems represent 91% 29% of the naked photospheres,
28%
14% of the anemic disks and 18%
7% of thick disk systems.
They are observed in systems where there is no obscuring material along our
line of sight towards the star. This may be caused by inner disk clearing, which may explain the
spot-like LCs of naked photosphere systems and some anemic
disks, shown in Fig. 3.
Spot-like LCs may also originate in low inclination systems. In this case, there may
be inner disk material, but this would not obscure the star. This probably corresponds to some
anemic disk systems and to all thick disk systems exhibiting spot-like LCs.
![]() |
Figure 3:
NGC 2264 classical T Tauri stars observed with
CoRoT and Spitzer. Diamonds correspond to spot-like LCs, triangles
to AA Tau-like LCs, and squares to non-periodical LCs. The four stars with large
overplotted diamonds are rapid rotators (p < 2 days). One rapid rotator was not
included in this figure (CID 500007354, p= 1.17 days), because of the
huge uncertainty (2.89) in its
|
Open with DEXTER |
The non-periodical LCs represent 9% 9% of the naked photospheres, 36%
16% of the anemic disks,
and 42%
10% of the thick disk systems.
The irregular LCs among naked photosphere systems may be due to non-steady accretion,
which can produce short-lived and variable hot spots. Some irregular systems among anemic
disks and thick disks are also probably because of a combination of non-steady accretion and low
inclination, as apparently observed in TW Hya (Rucinski et al. 2008). It may however not be straightforward
to assign non-periodical LCs to non-steady accretion, as shown by Kulkarni & Romanova (2009). They
computed MHD models of the interaction between a magnetized
star and its circumstellar disk with non-steady accretion and showed that,
at large misalignment angles (
)
between the stellar rotation and magnetic axis,
hotspots are approximately fixed on the star's surface, even during strongly unstable accretion, and
consequently the LCs always have the stellar rotation period.
Assuming that the circumstellar environment of a CTTS is complex, random accretion events
due to circumstellar blobs, which fall towards the star, can also temporarily occult the star
and explain some of the observed non-periodical systems, as proposed by DeWarf et al. (2003) to explain
the irregular photometric variability of the CTTS SU Aur.
Another situation that could produce irregular LCs is a flared disk seen at high inclination.
We could then expect to see partial obscuration
by circumstellar disk material from the disk outer layers. Bertout (2000) calculated the
partial obscuration probability for a flared disk with no inner disk warp and showed that,
for a typical CTTS, it would be between 10% and 15%. In this case, assuming Keplerian disk rotation and
a typical CTTS disk with an outer radius of 100 AU, we would unfortunately not be able to measure
short-scale variability, as observed with CoRoT, due to material located at most disk radii because
of the limited duration of our observations.
4 Discussion
We calculated periods for all CTTSs with periodic variations (51 of 83 CTTSs), using the Scargle periodogram modified by Horne & Baliunas (1986). We present in Fig. 4 the period distribution of the spot-like (horizontally hatched histogram) and AA Tau-like (diagonally hatched histogram) systems. A complete discussion of the period distribution in NGC 2264 will be presented in another paper (Affer et al., in prep.).The major difference between the period distributions
of spot-like and AA Tau-like systems is that rapid rotators
(p < 2 days) are only found to have spot-like LCs.
Among the seven rapid rotating CTTSs, five also have Spitzer IRAC measurements.
Four of them are classified as naked photosphere systems
and another is a thick disk system.
The thick disk system (CID 223980447,
,
p=1.67 days)
is a K6 star (Dahm & Simon 2005) with high-resolution hectoechelle spectra (Furész et al. 2006)
that Gabor Furész kindly made available to us. We measured
= 30 km s-1,
using the SYNTH3 code provided by Dr. Oleg Kochukhov (Kochukhov 2007), and both MARCS
atmospheres (Gustafsson et al. 2008) and atomic lines from VALD (Kupka et al. 1999,2000). Assuming R*=2
,
we obtained i=29.4
.
This low inclination can explain the presence of circumstellar material
without any obscuration occurring in the LC.
Except for this system, most rapid rotators are found among systems that have
cleared their inner disk regions, which may be an indication that
as the star-disk coupling decreases, stars tend to spin-up, as also found by Rebull et al. (2006)
and Cieza & Baliber (2007) in Orion and NGC 2264. This is not
a straightforward conclusion, however, from our data, since the number of rapid rotators
is small and on the other hand some naked photosphere and anemic disk
systems are found to rotate slowly, with periods between 10 and 15 days.
The periods measured in the AA Tau-like LCs are in the range of periods obtained from spot-like LCs. The periods measured from the spot-like LCs correspond to stellar rotational periods, since spots are located at the stellar photosphere. This indicates that AA Tau-like periods are within the range of stellar rotational periods of CTTSs in NGC 2264 and therefore the material that obscures the star must be located close to the corotation radius. Since the inner warp is by definition located close to or at the dust disk truncation radius, this implies that this radius is close to the corotation radius in the systems we classified as AA Tau-like. Carr (2007) showed that the inner gas radius is on average slightly smaller than the corotation radius, while the inner dust radius falls at or outside the corotation radius. This is quite consistent with the CoRoT results.
Since the inner disk warp is located near the corotation radius, the variations observed from cycle to cycle in width and depth of the photometric minima should be related to the dynamical star-disk interaction in the inner disk region, which is understood to be responsible for the accumulation of material near the disk truncation region, forming inner disk warps. Like AA Tau, the star-disk interaction is seen to be very dynamic on a rotational timescale, as predicted by MHD models of young magnetized star-disk systems (Goodson et al. 1999; Romanova et al. 2009; Matt et al. 2002; Zanni 2009). In our observations, some systems are more regular and stable than others, but it is quite common to discover systems that have photometric minima that vary substantially from cycle to cycle, yet maintain their overall periodic nature (see Figs. 1, 2c and d).
![]() |
Figure 4: Period distribution of CTTSs. The horizontally hatched histogram corresponds to spot-like LCs and the diagonally hatched histogram to the AA Tau-like LCs. |
Open with DEXTER |
5 Conclusions
We have demonstrated that the AA Tau photometric behavior is common among CTTSs, being present in 28%
If our interpretation of these systems is correct, the photometric minima are due to
obscuring material located in the inner disk region, near the corotation radius.
This material is accumulated by means of the interaction between an inclined stellar magnetosphere and
the inner disk region. The observed periodical changes in width and depth of the
observed minima, over a timescale of a few (1-3) rotational periods,
indeed reflect the dynamics of this interaction,
which is predicted by MHD models of young low mass star-disk systems.
We compared the CoRoT light curves with Spitzer IRAC data of the same
systems and showed that the agreement between different classifications based on
the two datasets is excellent.
The percentage of AA Tau-like light curves, which are produced by the obscuration
of the stellar photosphere by circumstellarmaterial in the inner disk region, varies
as the inner disk dissipates,
decreasing from 40% 10% in systems with thick inner disks to
36%
16% in systems with anemic disks
and zero in naked photosphere systems. Indeed, 91%
29% of the systems
with naked photospheres exhibit pure spot-like variability,
while only 18%
7% of the thick disk systems do so, presumably those seen at low
inclination and thus free of variable obscuration.
We thank Gabor Furész for making his Hectoechelle spectra and the updated electronic version of his tables available to us. We thank Cassandra Fallscheer for making available to us her table of U-V excess measurements. This research is based on data collected on the CoRoT satellite. SHPA and MMG acknowledge support from CNPq, CAPES and Fapemig. JFG acknowleges support from the FCT project PTDC/CTE-AST/66181/2006.
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Online Material
Table 1: Classical T Tauri stars that belong to NGC 2264 and were observed by CoRoT.
Footnotes
- ... CoRoT
- The CoRoT space mission was developed and is operated by the French space agency CNES, with participation of ESA's RSSD and Science Programmes, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, and Spain.
- ... observations
- Table 1 is only available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org
All Tables
Table 1: Classical T Tauri stars that belong to NGC 2264 and were observed by CoRoT.
All Figures
![]() |
Figure 1: A sample of 6 CTTS light curves from the COROT observation of NGC 2264. F0 corresponds to the maximum flux value of each LC. Light curves a and b have been classified as spot-like, c and d as AA Tau-like, and e and f as irregular. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 2:
The four periodic LCs from Fig. 1 folded in phase. Different colors
correspond to different cycles.
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 3:
NGC 2264 classical T Tauri stars observed with
CoRoT and Spitzer. Diamonds correspond to spot-like LCs, triangles
to AA Tau-like LCs, and squares to non-periodical LCs. The four stars with large
overplotted diamonds are rapid rotators (p < 2 days). One rapid rotator was not
included in this figure (CID 500007354, p= 1.17 days), because of the
huge uncertainty (2.89) in its
|
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
![]() |
Figure 4: Period distribution of CTTSs. The horizontally hatched histogram corresponds to spot-like LCs and the diagonally hatched histogram to the AA Tau-like LCs. |
Open with DEXTER | |
In the text |
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