Observational study of the formation of homologous confined circular ribbon flares Shuhong Yang, Ruisheng Zheng, Yijun Hou, Yuandeng Shen, Yin Li, Xiaoshuai Zhu, Ting Li and Guiping Zhou A&A, 698 (2025) A185 Published online: 11 June 2025 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202554496